Funmilayo Ransome-Kuti: Unseating a King Through Women's Collective Action
TL;DR
- Funmilayo Ransome Kuti's activism, initially focused on literacy and women's rights, evolved into a powerful movement that successfully unseated a king, demonstrating the profound impact of organized grassroots resistance.
- The Abeokuta Women's Union's strategic use of protests, including symbolic acts like stripping naked and singing derisive songs, leveraged cultural power to overcome colonial and traditional male authority.
- The historical erasure of Funmilayo Ransome Kuti's contributions, often relegated to a footnote in her son Fela's legacy, highlights a broader pattern of overlooking female leadership in historical narratives.
- The British colonial strategy of indirect rule, exemplified by manipulating the Alake of Abeokuta, demonstrates how colonial powers maintained control by co-opting local leadership and imposing policies through them.
- The market women's protest against unfair taxation and harassment by tax collectors illustrates how economic grievances, when amplified by collective action and political organization, can lead to significant social change.
- The contrast between military power and symbolic, spiritual power, as seen in the women's protest versus the threatened army intervention, reveals different, often underestimated, forms of influence in historical conflicts.
Deep Dive
The core argument is that historical moments demand decisive action, and individuals, particularly women like Funmilayo Ransome-Kuti, have historically risen to these challenges, often leading movements that reshape societies. These figures, though instrumental, are frequently relegated to footnotes, overshadowing their profound impact on political and social change.
Funmilayo Ransome-Kuti, mother of Fela Kuti, transformed from an elite educator into a powerful anti-colonial activist by organizing market women against oppressive taxation and British colonial rule in Nigeria. Her activism, initially focused on literacy and community building, evolved into the Abeokuta Women's Union, a formidable force that successfully unseated a king. This movement demonstrates the potent, yet often overlooked, power of collective female action in achieving political change, highlighting how women have historically led revolts and fought for rights across the continent, a narrative frequently marginalized in favor of male leaders. The legacy of such figures is often reduced to their relation to male counterparts, as seen in Ransome-Kuti's burial inscription and her common categorization as merely "Fela's mother," obscuring her own heroic achievements and the broader historical significance of women's leadership in liberation movements.
The enduring impact of Ransome-Kuti's activism is evident in the subsequent formation of women's unions across Africa and globally, inspired by her success. Her granddaughter's experience at her funeral, where Ransome-Kuti was honored by a massive crowd of women as "the voice of the women," underscores the deep respect and recognition she commanded within her community, a testament to her direct influence on the lives of ordinary women. This collective honoring contrasts sharply with her historical erasure, suggesting a systemic tendency to downplay or forget the contributions of women leaders. The story serves as a critical reminder that understanding history requires acknowledging these often-unseen female architects of social and political transformation, whose courage and organizational prowess fundamentally altered the course of events.
Action Items
- Audit historical protest tactics: Analyze 3-5 case studies of successful social movements to identify recurring patterns of effective organization and communication.
- Develop a framework for identifying "historic moments": Define 5-7 criteria to assess situations requiring decisive action based on the text's examples of Fela Kuti and Funmilayo Ransome Kuti.
- Create a runbook for ethical order refusal: Outline 3-5 steps for service members to understand and navigate orders they deem illegal or unethical, referencing legal advice hotlines.
- Track communication effectiveness: Measure the impact of different messaging strategies (e.g., songs, letters, public statements) used in 2-3 historical movements on participant engagement and outcome.
- Design a "historical moment" preparedness checklist: Identify 3-5 key questions individuals or groups should ask themselves when facing significant societal or political shifts.
Key Quotes
"The video also didn't mention the president trying to order the national guard into american cities portland and chicago where judges stopped the orders saying they were illegal like i say the video mentioned no specific orders at all and really the video might have vanished into the daily noise of a million news stories and online videos like almost everything else does these days it really could have come and gone and been forgotten except that the president went on truth social and called the video seditious behavior punishable by death said he wanted the lawmakers to be tried as traitors"
This quote highlights the intense political rhetoric surrounding military orders and the potential for legal challenges. The author points out how the president's reaction escalated a video's message into accusations of sedition and treason, demonstrating a significant partisan divide. This illustrates the charged atmosphere where even discussions about obeying lawful orders could be interpreted as acts of rebellion.
"Brittany ramos debarros answers all those calls she's an army vet served in afghanistan lately i think we've seen a lot of people who are in the national guard saying orders are being circulated to support ice or to occupy an american city i'm really concerned that i'm going to be forced to participate in one of these operations and i don't believe that that's right and i want to know what my options are if i don't want to participate in that right people signed up thinking i'm going to help rescue people from floods and you know help with the aftermath and cleanup of hurricanes i didn't sign up to go police american citizens that's not what the military is for"
Brittany Ramos deBarros explains the concerns of National Guard members regarding potential orders to support ICE or occupy cities. She notes that service members are questioning their roles when asked to perform duties outside their perceived mission, such as policing citizens instead of disaster relief. This demonstrates a conflict between military orders and personal beliefs about the purpose of service.
"The pentagon wants to create these quick response forces 500 national guard in each state to control civil unrest and riots um have you heard about that yes i spoke to someone last week who said that they their unit has had voluntary orders where they're asking people to volunteer to be part of these qrfs and that they so far had been able to decline them um but they were calling because they were worried that it was going to not be optional soon because they weren't seeing a lot of people volunteer and that the sentiment within the units that they were in and connected to seemed to be that people thought this is bullshit like i am not i'm not going to be part of an anti protest force in my own state that's not what i signed up for the national guard for"
This quote reveals the creation of Quick Response Forces (QRFs) within the National Guard for civil unrest and the apprehension of service members. The interviewee expresses concern that these voluntary orders may become mandatory, as few are volunteering. The sentiment described is that service members feel these roles are contrary to their initial commitment to the National Guard.
"We have more and more people with the escalations that we're seeing in the caribbean um that are saying i am connected in some way to units that are carrying out these boat strikes or these you know preparations for attacks on venezuela and things like that that are really gravely concerned"
This passage indicates a rise in calls from individuals connected to units involved in military actions in the Caribbean, such as boat strikes or preparations for attacks on Venezuela. The speaker notes that these individuals are expressing grave concern about these operations. This suggests a growing unease within the military regarding specific foreign policy actions.
"Brittany says she does not advise anybody on what they should do but tells them what their options are people can stay in their units and speak out publicly about things that they object to within certain limits but even if they follow the rules they could face all kinds of consequences people who want out can file papers to be conscientious objectors which can lead to wildly various outcomes they could be reassigned to other duties or they could be discharged some people refusing to obey orders can get court martialed of course people can choose to do nothing"
Brittany Ramos deBarros clarifies her role in advising service members, stating she provides information on options rather than directives. She outlines various paths, including speaking out within limits, seeking conscientious objector status, or facing consequences for refusing orders, including court-martial. This demonstrates the complex landscape of choices and potential repercussions for military personnel facing difficult orders.
"The women's group met too late i had long fallen asleep on the bench in the dining room and woke up the following morning in the bed in the dormitory of mrs kuti's class on the following morning at breakfast i heard for the first time the expression abe okuta women's union the abe okuta women's union at this point in the archives you see a switch flip no more ladies' club this is a union and no more western clothes from this point forward she would dress in the same wraps and headscarves as the market women she started only wearing nigerian clothing she never wore western clothing again"
This quote describes a pivotal shift in Funmilayo Ransome-Kuti's activism, moving from the "ladies' club" to the "Abeokuta Women's Union." The author notes that this transition was marked by a change in her attire, adopting traditional Nigerian clothing. This signifies a deeper commitment to her roots and a more unified, organized approach to her political endeavors.
Resources
External Resources
Books
- "Unknown Soldier" by Fela Kuti - Referenced as a song Fela Kuti recorded about his mother's death.
Articles & Papers
- "The Vengeance of the Vagina Head" (Source not specified) - Discussed as a description of the women's protest movement.
- "Abeokuta Ladies' Club" (Source not specified) - Mentioned as the initial organization Funmilayo Ransome-Kuti created.
- "Abeokuta Women's Union" (Source not specified) - Referenced as the successor organization to the Abeokuta Ladies' Club, which led protests.
- "Constitutional Rules and Regulations, Aims and Objectives of the Unions" (Source not specified) - Mentioned as the documented goals of the Abeokuta Women's Union.
People
- Fela Kuti - Referenced as a Nigerian musician, political figure, and son of Funmilayo Ransome-Kuti.
- Funmilayo Ransome-Kuti - Central figure, described as a teacher, women's rights activist, and leader of protests against taxation in Nigeria.
- Jad Abumrad - Creator and co-host of Radiolab, who produced a podcast series about Fela Kuti.
- Wole Soyinka - Nobel Prize-winning writer and Fela Kuti's cousin, who wrote about Funmilayo Ransome-Kuti.
- Cheryl Johnson Odom - Historian who discussed Funmilayo Ransome-Kuti's activism.
- Judith Byfield - Historian who provided context on Funmilayo Ransome-Kuti's archives and the women's movement.
- Brittany Ramos DeBarros - Army veteran who answers calls for organizations providing legal advice to service members.
- Ira Glass - Host of This American Life.
- Yenikuti - Fela Kuti's oldest daughter and Funmilayo Ransome-Kuti's granddaughter.
- Reverend Israel Oludun Ransome-Kuti - Funmilayo Ransome-Kuti's husband, president of the Nigerian Union of Teachers.
Organizations & Institutions
- This American Life - Podcast where the episode originated.
- Radiolab - Podcast series created by Jad Abumrad.
- GI Rights Hotline - Organization that receives calls from service members seeking confidential legal advice.
- About Face - Organization that receives calls from service members seeking confidential legal advice.
- The Pentagon - Referenced in relation to creating quick response forces for civil unrest.
- Abeokuta Grammar School - School where Funmilayo Ransome-Kuti taught and where the Abeokuta Women's Union was formed.
- Kuti Heritage Museum - Museum dedicated to the Kuti family.
- The Alake - The king of Abeokuta, who was in power during the protests.
- British Colonial Officers - Referenced as the authority figures who implemented policies in Nigeria.
- Nigerian Union of Teachers Association - Organization of which Reverend Israel Oludun Ransome-Kuti was president.
Websites & Online Resources
- thisamericanlife.org/lifepartners - Website for signing up for a premium subscription to This American Life.
- thisamericanlife.org/876/transcript - Website for accessing the transcript of episode 876.
- thisamericanlife.org - General website for This American Life.
- podcastchoices.com/adchoices - Website for information on sponsor message choices.
- truth social - Social media platform where the president made comments about a video.
- indeed.com - Website mentioned in a sponsored job credit offer.
- npr.org/podcasts/510299/books-we-ve-loved - Podcast feed for "Books We've Loved."
- npr.org - Website for NPR.
- viking.com - Website for Viking cruises.
- homeserve.com - Website for HomeServe.
- capitalone.com/bank - Website for Capital One bank details.
- squarespace.com/american - Website for Squarespace discount.
Other Resources
- Afrobeat - Genre of music created by Fela Kuti.
- Indirect Rule - A system of governance used by the British in Nigeria.
- Conscientious Objector - A status that can be filed by individuals refusing to obey orders.
- Sitting Out a Man - An African tradition of singing insulting songs outside a man's house.
- Universal Adult Suffrage - A right Funmilayo Ransome-Kuti fought for.