Liberal Justices' Divergent Strategies on a Conservative Supreme Court
TL;DR
- Justice Kagan's diplomatic strategy of building consensus with conservatives on a 5-4 court proved ineffective as the ideological shift to a 6-3 majority overturned key precedents, diminishing the impact of her compromises.
- Justice Jackson's confrontational approach, characterized by sharp dissents and public criticism of colleagues, risks alienating moderate conservatives like Justice Barrett, potentially marginalizing the liberal bloc further.
- The shift from a 5-4 to a 6-3 court fundamentally altered the liberal justices' strategic calculus, transforming Kagan's pursuit of incremental gains into Jackson's focus on public awareness and historical record.
- Justice Barrett's independent streak, demonstrated by her ambivalence on overturning Roe v. Wade and critiques of Justice Thomas, suggests potential for future coalition-building but also highlights the fragility of such alliances.
- Kagan's strategy of "winning by losing" by narrowing case outcomes provided temporary protections, as evidenced by the Masterpiece Cakeshop decision, but these gains were later reversed by more conservative rulings.
- The stark contrast between Kagan's diplomatic approach and Jackson's blunt critiques reveals a fundamental tension in how liberal justices can effectively operate and influence a conservative-dominated Supreme Court.
Deep Dive
The Supreme Court's liberal justices, facing a formidable conservative majority, are divided on the most effective strategy for challenging the court's rightward trajectory. This divergence, primarily between Justice Elena Kagan's diplomatic approach and Justice Ketanji Brown Jackson's more confrontational stance, creates internal tensions that could marginalize the liberal wing and impact the court's future legitimacy.
Justice Kagan, appointed in 2010 to a closely divided court, initially employed a strategy of relationship building and consensus-seeking, aiming to persuade conservative colleagues and secure incremental victories or mitigate losses. This involved cultivating relationships, understanding colleagues' inclinations, and seeking common ground to achieve "30% better" outcomes, as she privately expressed. This approach yielded successes, such as helping to preserve the Affordable Care Act, and allowed for narrowly tailored decisions in cases like Masterpiece Cake Shop, which limited the scope of a conservative ruling. However, the ideological shift of the court, particularly with the addition of Justice Amy Coney Barrett and the solid six-justice conservative majority, has rendered Kagan's strategy increasingly challenging. The overturning of Roe v. Wade, a pivotal moment for the conservative legal movement, demonstrated the limitations of compromise when fundamental rights are at stake, leaving Kagan to question the efficacy of diplomacy.
Justice Jackson, joining the court in 2022 onto a significantly more conservative bench, adopted a starkly different approach. As the first Black woman on the court and a former public defender, she serves as a more outspoken outsider figure, less inclined to seek consensus with a majority she believes is fundamentally opposed to core constitutional principles. Jackson prioritizes directness and public awareness, using forceful language in oral arguments and separate opinions to critique her colleagues and the institution itself. She reasons that on a six-to-three court, persuasion is unlikely, and remaining silent in pursuit of minor concessions is not worth the cost. Her strategy involves writing for history, aiming to raise public consciousness and effect long-term change, even if immediate wins are improbable. This confrontational style, exemplified in her dissent in Trump v. Issa, where she warned of uncontainable executive power, directly challenges the more moderate approach of Justice Barrett and risks alienating potential swing votes.
The strategic split between Kagan and Jackson presents an existential dilemma for the liberal justices. Kagan's compromise-oriented approach risks further erosion of liberal gains and might be perceived as yielding too much to the conservative majority. Conversely, Jackson's assertive dissents, while galvanizing to some, could alienate the very justices--Barrett and Chief Justice Roberts--whose votes are necessary for any liberal victories. This tension is highlighted by the fact that even a narrow win Kagan secured in the Masterpiece Cake Shop case was later effectively superseded by a broader conservative victory in a similar case involving a graphic designer. The clash between Jackson and Barrett in Trump v. Issa further underscores the growing public friction and the potential for Jackson's approach to further isolate the liberal wing. Ultimately, the effectiveness of these contrasting strategies will shape the court's future decisions, its perceived legitimacy, and the enduring impact on American democracy.
Action Items
- Audit liberal justice strategies: Compare Kagan's consensus-building with Jackson's confrontational approach to identify effectiveness metrics (3-5 key cases).
- Draft framework for judicial strategy analysis: Define criteria for evaluating consensus vs. dissent effectiveness based on case outcomes and long-term precedent impact.
- Measure impact of judicial approach: Quantify how Kagan's compromises and Jackson's dissents affect conservative justice willingness to collaborate (e.g., 3-5 key cases).
- Evaluate long-term precedent shifts: Track how differing liberal justice strategies influence the durability of legal precedents over 2-5 year periods.
Key Quotes
"we want to understand not only the legal decisions they're making but we're asking who are these nine people who hold this much power and how do they function together as a body how do they influence one another how does power flow inside the supreme court and we're doing it at a time when the court is deciding these major questions about how much power president trump will have"
Jodi Kantor explains that the reporting aims to uncover the personal dynamics and influence within the Supreme Court, beyond just their legal rulings. This approach is particularly relevant given the court's significant decisions regarding President Trump's power.
"her methodology is to form relationships and look for areas of agreement so she becomes a confidant of chief justice roberts who's part of the conservative majority exactly she also keeps a really close eye on justice kennedy she is following his moods his concerns his inclinations"
The author highlights Justice Kagan's strategic approach to operating within a conservative-majority court. Kagan's method involved building relationships and seeking common ground, even with conservative justices like Chief Justice Roberts and Justice Kennedy.
"she has clearly found a way to make legal lemonade out of lemons she's getting business done it's an atmosphere in which a deal maker can get some traction and that requires sacrifice by the way it requires discipline because justice kagan did object to some of the court's decisions and she is fully capable of punching hard and there are a couple of decisions in which she lets loose on the court but for the most part she decides that it doesn't serve her mission right"
Jodi Kantor describes Justice Kagan's ability to achieve results even in a challenging environment by compromising and making difficult choices. This approach required discipline, as Kagan sometimes suppressed her stronger objections to maintain her strategy of deal-making.
"the difference between four votes and three votes is more than one the difference is so so so big and jackson comes onto a court where she just knows she's going to be in dissent for much of her career she doesn't feel the same possibility that justice kagan did"
The author explains the significant shift in the court's composition and the impact on Justice Jackson's perspective. Arriving on a 6-3 conservative court, Justice Jackson faces a starkly different reality than Justice Kagan did, with fewer opportunities for liberal justices to influence outcomes.
"she has basically reasoned that on a 6 3 court she's not going to persuade her colleagues and any gains that would be exacted would be so small that they wouldn't be worth the price of staying silent and so in her opinions she's often speaking to the public she's saying you need to know about this i want to raise your awareness i find this troubling"
Jodi Kantor details Justice Jackson's strategic shift towards public communication through her opinions. Justice Jackson believes that on a 6-3 court, persuasion of colleagues is unlikely, so she prioritizes informing the public about the court's decisions and their implications.
"so what we're seeing clearly is both approaches finding their limits in this moment kagan's compromises are getting washed away by the sheer severity of the court's rightward turn and jackson's sharply worded dissents are beginning to alienate the conservatives in a way that might even further marginalize the court's liberals"
The author concludes that both Justice Kagan's compromise-based strategy and Justice Jackson's confrontational approach are facing challenges. Kagan's efforts are being overshadowed by the court's conservative shift, while Jackson's sharp dissents risk alienating the very justices whose votes might be needed for any liberal victories.
Resources
External Resources
Books
- "The Case for Trump" by Michael Cohen - Mentioned as a book that Justice Jackson's colleagues might have read.
Articles & Papers
- "The Liberal Justices Aren’t as United as You Might Think" (The Daily) - The episode's title and subject matter.
People
- Jodi Kantor - Reporter who uncovered tensions between liberal Supreme Court justices.
- Justice Antonin Scalia - Recommended Justice Kagan to President Obama.
- Justice Anthony Kennedy - A swing vote on the Supreme Court during Justice Kagan's early tenure.
- Chief Justice John Roberts - Justice Kagan sought to build consensus with him.
- Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg - Her passing led to Justice Amy Coney Barrett's appointment.
- Justice Amy Coney Barrett - Appointed to the Supreme Court, she has shown an independent streak and clashed with Justice Jackson.
- Justice Clarence Thomas - Justice Barrett has disagreed with his use of history in opinions.
- Justice Elena Kagan - Described as a diplomat who sought consensus and compromise on the Court.
- Justice Ketanji Brown Jackson - A newer liberal justice who is more outspoken and critical in her dissents.
- President Barack Obama - Appointed Justice Kagan to the Supreme Court.
- President Trump - His legal actions and the Court's decisions regarding his power are a central theme.
- Michael Barbaro - Host of The Daily podcast.
Organizations & Institutions
- Supreme Court - The central institution discussed regarding its ideological makeup and decision-making.
- Harvard Law School - Justice Kagan was a former dean.
- New York Times - The source of the reporting and the podcast.
- Capital One - Sponsor of The Daily podcast.
- American Petroleum Institute - Sponsor of The Daily podcast.
- Schwab - Sponsor of The Daily podcast.
- Democratic Governor of Illinois J.B. Pritzker - Signed a law restricting immigration enforcement.
- Department of Homeland Security - Stated that arresting immigrants in courthouses is legal.
Other Resources
- Masterpiece Cake Shop case - Referenced as an example of Justice Kagan's strategy of narrowing issues to achieve a less unfavorable outcome.
- Dobbs case - The Supreme Court case that overturned Roe v. Wade.
- Trump v. Issa case - A case where Justice Barrett and Justice Jackson had a public disagreement over nationwide injunctions.
- Roe v. Wade - A landmark Supreme Court decision that was overturned.
- Affirmative action decision - Justice Jackson criticized her colleagues' understanding of racism in this context.
- Federal agency power - Justice Kagan achieved a win in this area on the 6-3 court.
- Nationwide injunctions - The subject of the Trump v. Issa case, limiting their use by federal judges.
- "Equal Justice Under Law" - Words engraved on the front of the Supreme Court building, mentioned by Justice Jackson.