New Infrastructure Primitives Enable Programmable Money, Autonomous Science, AI Distribution
TL;DR
- Programmable money's evolution beyond stablecoins into on-chain credit origination and synthetic financial products offers significantly lower operational costs and greater composability than traditional finance.
- Autonomous labs, integrating AI reasoning with automation, accelerate scientific progress by enabling collaborative research, with interpretability being the critical near-term requirement for adoption.
- The "greenfield strategy" allows AI-native startups to achieve distribution by serving other startups at formation, enabling them to scale alongside their customers before incumbents can innovate.
- On-chain credit origination can drastically reduce back-office costs, potentially saving 1-3% of outstanding credit facilities annually, while fostering deeper composability between DeFi projects.
- Synthetic dollars, backed by off-chain traditional assets or structured products like currency cash-and-carry trades, offer greater access and legibility to users, mirroring ETF proliferation in traditional markets.
Deep Dive
New infrastructure primitives are enabling entirely new markets and workflows, moving beyond incremental improvements to foundational shifts. These primitives, encompassing programmable money, autonomous science, and AI-native distribution, offer compounding advantages that allow new systems to emerge, scale, and become more efficient than traditional alternatives.
The evolution of programmable money is moving beyond basic stablecoins to facilitate on-chain credit origination and synthetic financial products. This shift allows for lower operational costs and greater composability compared to traditional finance, as entities akin to private credit funds can emerge to manage stablecoin collateral and originate loans directly on-chain. This reduces expensive back-office costs like loan servicing and enables more fluid integration between decentralized finance projects. Furthermore, the concept of "synthetic dollars" backed by various yield-generating assets, such as cash-and-carry trades or even physical infrastructure, offers a crypto-native parallel to traditional ETFs, providing broader access and legibility to investors.
In scientific research, advancements in AI reasoning and robot learning are paving the way for autonomous labs, fostering collaboration between scientists, AI systems, and lab automation. While fully self-driving science is a future destination, the near-term focus is on interpretability and traceability, allowing researchers to understand the "why" behind AI-driven experimental planning and execution. This collaborative approach accelerates progress by integrating AI-driven planning with physical lab automation, creating a more iterative and efficient research process across fields like life sciences, chemicals, and material science.
Distribution itself is becoming a primitive, particularly for AI-native startups employing a "greenfield strategy." This approach involves selling to other startups at their formation, capitalizing on fewer stakeholders, no initial switching costs, and the potential to scale alongside their customers. By serving companies from their inception, these startups can grow into major players as their early customers mature, mirroring historical successes like Stripe. This strategy bypasses the challenges incumbents face in selling to startups, which are often constrained by traditional profit and loss rules and may view new, small customers as unprofitable to serve. Accelerators and early-stage funding rounds provide a consistent source of these "greenfield" opportunities, enabling startups to build better solutions for specific needs and then expand their offerings as their customer base grows.
Together, these developments signal a fundamental change in how systems are built and scaled. Programmable money offers cheaper, more composable financial products; autonomous labs promise faster scientific discovery; and the greenfield distribution strategy provides a path for startups to gain market share and compound growth. These new infrastructure primitives are the underlying rails that allow entirely new economic and scientific systems to emerge and thrive.
Action Items
- Create on-chain credit origination framework: Define 3-5 core components for facilitating loans and capital formation natively on-chain.
- Draft synthetic financial product strategy: Outline 2-3 types of synthetic assets (e.g., currency, infrastructure) for on-chain collateralization.
- Implement autonomous lab pilot: Integrate AI reasoning and robot learning for 1-2 specific scientific research workflows, focusing on interpretability.
- Develop greenfield sales playbook: Identify 3-5 target startup categories for early-stage AI-native product distribution.
- Measure AI startup customer acquisition cost: Track sales and marketing spend for 3-5 AI-native startups selling to other startups at formation.
Key Quotes
"I think a lot of the existing stable coins look effectively like narrow banks today where they hold user deposits in fiat or perhaps in treasury bills I think it's very unlikely in the long term that we scale on chain finance exclusively through narrow banks and so i've been thinking much more about how we can facilitate credit and capital formation on chain"
Guy Withitt argues that current stablecoin models resemble narrow banks, which hold deposits but do not actively facilitate credit. He suggests that scaling on-chain finance will require moving beyond this model to actively enable credit and capital formation directly on the blockchain.
"how we originate credit natively on chain and i think this is important specifically because it can drastically reduce back office costs like loan servicing which in many cases can take one to 3 of the outstanding credit facility itself every year so it's incredibly expensive but i also think doing on chain origination will allow for much more composability between different defi projects"
Guy Withitt highlights the cost savings and increased composability that can be achieved by originating credit directly on-chain. He explains that this approach can significantly reduce expensive back-office operations like loan servicing and enable greater integration between different decentralized finance (DeFi) projects.
"what is new and what is emerging right now is the combination of reasoning capabilities and experiment planning and the physical element of lab automation so what that might look like in the near term is collaboration between a scientist and a system that involves both an ai application and a robot and having that be a much more collaborative process in the near term"
Oliver Shu explains that the novelty in scientific research lies in combining AI's reasoning and planning abilities with physical lab automation. He envisions a near-term future where scientists collaborate with AI systems and robots, making the research process more interactive and efficient.
"one of the things that i think is important in the near term though is around interpretability so you know if you think about ai systems as non deterministic computers one of the things that really matters for research is you want to really understand why the system is doing what it's doing why it's planning on iterating on an experiment in a given way"
Oliver Shu emphasizes the critical role of interpretability in the development of autonomous labs. He notes that for AI systems used in research, understanding the "why" behind their actions and experimental plans is essential, especially given their non-deterministic nature.
"one of the most powerful and underrated ways for startups to win distribution is actually to serve companies at formation or greenfield companies the battle between every startup and incumbent ultimately comes down to whether the startup can get to distribution before the incumbent innovates"
James da Costa proposes that a powerful strategy for startups to achieve distribution is by serving other companies at their formation stage, referred to as "greenfield companies." He posits that the core competition between startups and established incumbents hinges on a startup's ability to secure distribution before incumbents can innovate.
"if you attract all of the new companies at formation and then grow with them as your customers become big companies in their own right so will you this is actually the playbook that stripe used over a decade ago many of stripe's first customers did not exist when stripe was founded but as stripe's customers grew to become big customers in their own right stripe used them as a case study to then sell to other enterprises outside of silicon valley"
James da Costa illustrates the "greenfield strategy" by referencing Stripe's early success. He explains that by serving nascent companies and growing alongside them as they become large enterprises, a startup can achieve significant scale, using their initial customers as a foundation for broader market penetration.
Resources
External Resources
Books
- "Basel III" - Mentioned as a regulatory framework influencing non-bank lending in traditional finance.
Articles & Papers
- "Big Ideas 2026: New Infrastructure Primitives" (The a16z Show) - Discussed as the episode title and theme exploring foundational shifts in building.
People
- Guy Willette - General partner on the crypto team at a16z, discussing programmable money and on-chain finance.
- Oliver Shu - Partner on the American Dynamism team at a16z, discussing autonomous labs and AI-assisted discovery.
- James da Costa - Partner on the Apps Investing team, discussing the greenfield go-to-market strategy.
Organizations & Institutions
- a16z - Mentioned as the host of the podcast and an investment firm.
- Y Combinator (YC) - Mentioned as an accelerator offering a constant source of new customers for startups.
- Speedrun - Mentioned as an accelerator offering a constant source of new customers for startups.
- Entrepreneur First - Mentioned as an accelerator offering a constant source of new customers for startups.
Websites & Online Resources
- a16z.com - Mentioned for disclosures.
- a16z.substack.com - Mentioned for podcast subscription.
Other Resources
- Programmable Money - Discussed as evolving beyond stablecoins into on-chain credit origination and synthetic financial products.
- Autonomous Labs - Discussed as a concept where AI reasoning models work alongside automation and robotics in scientific research.
- Greenfield Strategy - Discussed as an AI-native startup distribution strategy selling to other startups at formation.
- Stablecoins - Mentioned as a precursor to on-chain credit origination and synthetic financial products.
- Synthetic Dollars - Discussed as dollar representations backed by off-chain traditional assets, collateralized by higher risk and higher yield credit assets.
- Perpetual Futures - Mentioned in relation to creating derivatives on underlying assets.
- ETFs (Exchange-Traded Funds) - Mentioned as a traditional market product providing access and legibility, analogous to on-chain synthetic dollars.
- CRMs (Customer Relationship Management) - Mentioned as a category of enterprise software that AI-native solutions can improve.
- HR and Workforce Systems - Mentioned as a category of enterprise software that AI-native solutions can improve.
- QuickBooks - Mentioned as a simple solution startups might outgrow.
- NetSuite - Mentioned as a solution startups might move to after outgrowing simpler options.
- Rillit - Mentioned as an AI company applying the greenfield strategy by helping startups move from simpler solutions.
- Morpho - Mentioned as a platform where curators operate to manage stable coin collateral.
- Apollo - Mentioned as an example of a private credit fund putting credit on chain.
- Athena - Mentioned as having popularized the idea of synthetic dollars backed by a cash and carry trade.
- X (formerly Twitter) - Mentioned for following a16z.
- YouTube - Mentioned as a platform for finding podcast episodes.
- Apple Podcasts - Mentioned as a platform for finding podcast episodes.
- Spotify - Mentioned as a platform for finding podcast episodes.